We present an evolutionary hypothesis assuming that signals marking nucleotide synthesis (DNA replication and RNA transcription) evolved from multi- to unidimensional structures, and were carried over ...

Although the surface proteins of human influenza A virus evolve rapidly and continually produce antigenic variants, the internal viral genes acquire mutations very gradually. In this paper, we analyze ...

The main focus of this study is, to understand provision of reducing impact of frame shift mutations in genetic code table, which may occur when protein translation starts not at the first nucleotide ...

A. Usage of each codon per 1000 codons and the Ribosome Residence Time (RRT) at position 6 (the A-site of the ribosome). The p-value for a difference between the calculated RRT value and an RRT value ...

Previously, Tuller et al. found that the first 30–50 codons of the genes of yeast and other eukaryotes are slightly enriched for rare codons. They argued that this slowed translation, and was adaptive ...

Codon optimization has evolved to enhance protein expression efficiency by exploiting the genetic code’s redundancy, allowing for multiple codon options for a single amino acid. Initially observed in ...

This is a simple Python CLI tool to reduce the G/C count in a sequence of RNA while still retaining the same amino acids. By default, the optimizer will look to 80% reduce G/C and 20% to use common ...