Humans often choose between outcomes that differ in delay, probability, and amount. For example, smoking cigarettes may result in immediate relief from withdrawal and delayed, yet uncertain, adverse ...

Probability is a measure of how likely an event is to occur within a specific range of possible outcomes. While it is often associated with gambling, probability theory plays a vital role in various ...

Delay discounting and probability discounting are two important processes, but in daily life there are many more situations that involve delayed risky outcomes. Although neuroscience research has ...